THE TYPES OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

            Figurative language or figure of speech is a beautiful word which has implicit meaning. Sometimes, people cannot absorb the meaning of figurative language correctly. It is because a figure of speech cannot be translated word by word, people have to think deeper to understand what writers or speaker says in figurative language. (Bahasa kiasan atau majas adalah kata indah yang memiliki arti tersirat. Terkadang, orang tidak dapat menyerap arti dari bahasa kiasan dengan benar. Karena suatu majas tidak dapat diterjemahkan kata demi kata, orang harus berpikir lebih dalam untuk memahami apa yang dikatakan penulis atau penutur dalam bahasa kiasan). 

              There are several types of figurative languages are used in modern writing. They include:

1. Hyperbole

            Hyperbole is an exaggeration that is created to emphasize a point or bring out a sense of humor. It is often used in every conversations without the speaker noticing it.  The exaggeration is so outrageous that one would believe that it is true. It is used to add depth and color to a statement. 

                An example of hyperbole is, "I would die for you". The sentence does not necessarily mean that one person is literally willing to die for the other, but it used to exaggerate the amount of love that one person has for another person. Death is only used to show extent of affection.

                Other example of hyperbole:

• She rushed out of the room in floods of tears ----> crying a lot

• Let's have dinner, I'm starving ----> very hungry

• When she was in Paris, she spent ton of money ----> lot of money

2. Metaphor

          A metaphor is a statement that compares two things that are not alike. Unlike similes, metaphors do not use the words "like" or "as". Such statements only make sense when the reader understands the connection between the two things being compared. 
                An example of metaphor in the song 'everything' by Michael Buble:

• "you're a falling star, you're the gateway car.

• "you're the line in the sand when I go too far. 

           In this song, Michael Buble uses his song Everything to tell his wife that she means everything to him. He compares her to multiple things  throughout the song, each showing that she is the best part of him.

            Metaphors directly compare two subjects. Metaphor is a figure of speech which concisely compares two things by saying that the one is the other (McArthur: 1996:653)

For example:

My lover is a treasure
My home is heaven
Business is a game 
You are my guardian 
This is a made house

3. Personification

            Personification is a statement attributes human qualities to non-human entities, such as objects or animals. People say the wind howls or opportunity knocks, for instance. Neither the wind nor opportunity can do these things but these personification vividly convey a particular idea. Keraf (2002) explained that "Personification is the assigning of human characteristics to non humans."

For example:

The leaves danced to the ground
 The flowers were begging for water

In the first sentence, the leaves are being personified. That means they are given the human characteristic of dancing to show about how the leaves gracefully fell to the ground.

 Human can dance,

but leaves cannot.

    Next example: "The flowers were begging for water"

 

 In the second sentence, we know that flowers do not have mouths and they cannot really ask us for water. The flowers are given the human characteristic of  begging to show that they are in need of water. They are starting to dry up and really need someone to water them

4. Simile

            A simile is a form of figurative in which a comparison is made between two things which have something in common, using the words "like" or "as". The simile is used to describe an item, situation, emotion or action by comparing it to something else in order to make the statement more creative and artistic. 

Simile Examples

Example of Simile in Spoken Language

            When taking part of listening to everyday conversation in English, you are likely to come across the use simile many times. Now, we're gonna take a look at how a simile is used during spoken conversation.

Example of Simile in Literature

         Now, we will take a look at some examples of times that a simile has been used as a literary device, whether that be in stories, song , poetry or otherwise.

'My love is like a red rose', is an example of a simile used in the piece of poem 'A red red rose' written by John Burns.
'You look like my next mistake' a song by Taylor Swift
'Do you ever feel like a plastic bag?' a song by Katy Perry 

Review Text

Review Text

• Definition

• Generic Structure

• Language Feature

• Purpose

• Example

                Do you like writing in English? Do you know that each type of writing in English has its own characteristic and structure? In this section, we will discuss one type of writing in English: 'Review Text'. Do you know what is review text?

Definition of Review Text

            Surely you have even subconsciously written a review in English, right? The writing that you make has the name review text.

            Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical theatre show or dance show.

Generic Structure of Review Text

            Before you write a review, first consider what the proper structure is in the review text :

1. Orientation :   Background information of the text.
2. Evaluation : Concluding statement : judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It can                                       consist of more than one.
3.  Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot.
4.  Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the                                                 art works being criticized.

Purpose of Review Text

           Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener, such as movies, shows, book, and others

The Characteristics/ Language Feature of Review Text

– Focus on specific participants
– Using adjectives
– Using long and complex clauses
– Using metaphor style Review Text Simple

Example:

Harry Potter: A Journey Through A History Of Magic

by British Library

Arthur A. Levine

That scene opens Harry Potter: A Journey Through A History Of Magic, a fun, fact-filled book for young readers that serves as preview to the British Library’s new exhibition, “Harry Potter: A History of Magic.” The exhibit will move to the New York Historical Society next autumn.	Introduction
With activities and illustrations from Rowling, Jim Kay and Olivia Lomenech Gill, the book takes readers on a tour through the Hogwarts curriculum – Potions, Herbology, Charms, Astronomy, Divination, Defence Against the Dark Arts and Care of Magical Creatures – by exploring the subjects in the series, the professors who teach them and some of the historical origins for items and characters. For instance, Nicholas Flamel – in the books, the creator of the Philosopher’s Stone (or Sorcerer’s Stone in the US versions of the books) – was a real French scribe who died in 1418 and was believed to have been an alchemist. Mandrakes, which second-year students help plant in Chamber of Secrets, are real as well, but instead of helping restore people and ghosts petrified by a basilisk, mandrakes were believed to be a medieval herbal remedy for headaches, earaches and insanity, best harvested by unearthing the human-shaped roots by attaching “one end of a cord to the plant and the other to a dog”.	Evaluation
Harry Potter fans of all ages will enjoy the breezy nature of A Journey Through a History of Magic. The book sheds light on the folklore Rowling incorporated into her series without getting bogged down in dry narrative – Professor Binns’ History of Magic class it is not. Kay’s and Gill’s illustrations lend the book vibrancy, helping characters and creatures alike pop out from the pages. Younger readers in particular might enjoy the book’s activities, such as making a colour-changing potion out of lemon-lime soda, but it might be best to make sure they’ve read the series first: A Journey Through a History of Magic does feature some minor spoilers. For older fans, the book’s real magic lies in cataloguing items from Rowling’s collection. A Journey Through a History of Magic features pages upon pages of Rowling’s illustrations, handwritten drafts, typed manuscripts, flow charts and scenes that appeared differently in the final published stories. One draft of Chamber of Secrets has Harry and Ron Weasley crashing Mr. Weasley’s flying Ford Anglia into the lake instead of the Whomping Willow; the names of the Order of the Phoenix and Dumbledore’s Army were originally switched; and a manuscript of Sorcerer’s Stone has Rubeus Hagrid warning Cornelius Fudge – who is not only a Muggle but the prime minister of England – of the threat of Lord Voldemort.	Interpretation
Much like tapping the right brick to enter Diagon Alley, Harry Potter: A Journey Through a History of Magic brings readers back into Rowling’s imaginative world. It’s part history, part nostalgia trip. But more importantly, it’ll make you want to pick up the books and relive Harry’s adventures all over again.	Summary